Marine hydrobionts are a perspective source of means for the prevention of radiation-induced disturbances

INTRODUCTION: Today unstable world environment increases the threat of technogenic accidents at nuclear power facilities that requires an active search for radioprotectors that meet safety requirements, efficiency and reliability of their operation when exposed to the body of ionizing radiation. Over the past decades scientists of this area have turned their attention to biologically active substances (BAS) from marine hydrobiotics, representatives of which are triterpene glycosides (holothuria) and sulfated polysaccharides (brown seaweed fucoidan).
OBJECTIVE: Study and synthesis of domestic and international experience, resulting from ongoing research in Russia and abroad; search for ways to prevent, minimize negative postradiation effects and correct these damages using biologically active compounds, derived from marine hydrobionts.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study used materials of domestic and foreign authors, covering the historical period from building an atomic weapon to modern times, characterized by the threat of using “dirty bombs”, terrorist attacks on peaceful nuclear power facilities (NPF). Search terms include international and Russian database (PubMed, eLIBRARY.RU) and also search queries (see keywords).
RESULTS: It was found that polysaccharides and polyphenolic compounds occupy a leading place in many publications due to their low toxicity compared to other natural and commercial radioprotective agents. The study assesses the relationship between key radioprotective properties (antioxidant, antiradical, anti-inflammatory, anti-stress) and BAS radioprotective activity. It outlines action mechanisms of different radioprotectors.
DISCUSSION: To date, the issue of practical pharmacology remains relevant – creating effective drugs of radiation protection. In crisis (emergency) conditions radioprotection use and support of body hematopoietic function are the crucial factor in the outcome of the body struggling for survival. However, in addition to emergency a new purpose of radioprotectors has been often mentioned in the scientific community in recent times – as means of lesion prevention, caused by low-dose and chronic exposure. The results of scientific experiments around the world demonstrates the consensus view within Russian and foreign scientists regarding a positive radioprotective effect of different BAS groups from marine hydrobionts (triterpene glycosides, sulfated polysaccharides, chitosan, etc.). However, there is a discussion of divergent scientific approaches to assessing the impact of chronic and low-dose exposure (“radiation hormesis” and “non-threshold concept of radiation effect”) on the body. The views on a single problem, proposed for discussion, suggest the relevance of further scientific research for ways to overcome the negative impact of radiation-induced damage effects to biological organisms.|
CONCLUSION: Marine hydrobionts can be considered as a highly promising source of biologically active substances for creating pharmaceutical drugs. Diverse spectrum of their biological activity causes scientific interest around the world. Domestic scientists pay close attention to the subject due to several reasons: favorable geographical location (the Pacific Ocean, contiguous to the borders of the Far East and Primorsky Krai), cost-effectiveness of raw material extraction and biological substance production, fast natural reproducibility of the resource base as well as advantages of biological properties in the resulting material over foreign analogues.

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