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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">seamed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Морская медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Marine Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2413-5747</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-7828</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Research Institute of Industrial and Maritime Medicine of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">LQGDIK</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">seamed-973</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современный взгляд на развитие опухолеассоциированных иммунных реакций и иммунологические подходы к их нейтрализации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern view on development of tumor-associated immune reactions and immunological approaches to their neutralization</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5659-7464</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Москалев</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moskalyev</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москалев Александр Витальевич – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, профессор кафедры микробиологии</p><p>194044, Санкт-Петербург, улица Академика Лебедева, д. 6 Ж</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander V. Moskalev – Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor; Professor of the Department of Microbiology</p><p>194044, Saint Petersburg, Academician Lebedev Str., 6 Zh</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexmav195223@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7658-4856</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Апчел</surname><given-names>В. Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Apchel</surname><given-names>V. Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Апчел Василий Яковлевич – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, старший научный сотрудник; профессор кафедры анатомии и физиологии человека и животных</p><p>194044, Санкт-Петербург, улица Академика Лебедева, д. 6 Ж;</p><p>199155, Санкт-Петербург, Набережная реки Мойки, д. 48, корп. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vasily Ya. Apchel – Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor; Senior Researcher; Professor of the Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Humans and Animals</p><p>194044, Saint Petersburg, Academician Lebedev Str., 6 Zh;</p><p>199155, Saint Petersburg, Naberezhnaya reki Moiki, 48, bldg. 3</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">apchelvya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0770-5335</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Апчел</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Apchel</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Апчел Андрей Васильевич – доктор медицинских наук; врач-дерматовенеролог</p><p>192007, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Прилукская, д. 25, стр. 1, офис 1, пом. 10-Н</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey V. Apchel – Dr. of Sci. (Med.); dermatovenerologist</p><p>192007, Saint Petersburg, Prilukskaya Str., 25, bldg 1, office 1, room 10-H</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">apchelandrey@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1213-7711</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жарбуа</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zharbua</surname><given-names>D. J.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жарбуа Диана Иосефовна – студент</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6–8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Diana J. Zharbua – Student</p><p>197022, Saint Petersburg, Lev Tolstoy str., 6–8</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">diana.zharbua@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Военно-медицинская академия имени С. М. Кирова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Military Medical Academy</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Военно-медицинская академия имени С. М. Кирова; Российский государственный педагогический университет имени А. И. Герцена</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Military Medical Academy; Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «Эстеприма»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Esteprima Limited Liability Company</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>First Saint Petersburg State Medical University named after Academician I.P. Pavlov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>24</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Москалев А.В., Апчел В.Я., Апчел А.В., Жарбуа Д.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Москалев А.В., Апчел В.Я., Апчел А.В., Жарбуа Д.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Moskalyev A.V., Apchel V.Y., Apchel A.V., Zharbua D.J.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://seamed.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/973">https://seamed.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/973</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Опухолеассоциированные реакции, несмотря на значительные достижения, по-прежнему, остаются недостаточно изученными, что ограничивает применение иммунотерапии.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Проанализировать иммунопатогенез опухолеассоциированных реакций и перспективы иммунотерапии.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Изучена научная медицинская литература, отражающая иммунный гомеостаз при развитии опухолеасоциированных иммунных реакций и методик иммунотерапии пациентов, страдающих опухолями. Исследование основано на анализе 78 научных публикаций за 1996–2025 гг. в международных и отечественных базах научной литературы Google Scholar, PubMed, eLIBRARY, Scopus. Поиск литературных источников осуществляли по ключевым словам и различным последовательностям их сочетаний на русском и английском языках: антитела / antibodies; антигены опухолей / tumor antigens; иммунотерапия / immunotherapy; опухолеассоциированные состояния / tumor-associated conditions; солидные опухоли / solid tumors; иммунопатогенез опухолей / immunopathogenesis of tumors.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. Установлено, что уходу от иммунологического надзора способствуют неоантигены, а наиболее важными факторами иммунной защиты являются цитотоксические Т-лимфоциты, натуральные киллеры, интерферон-γ. Количество CD45RO+ Т-клеток памяти и цитотоксических Т-лимфоцитов в опухолях коррелирует с вероятностью метастазирования. Тучные клетки, нейтрофилы и макрофаги секретируют факторы, способствующие прогрессированию клеточного цикла и выживанию опухолевых клеток. Th2-клетки, регуляторные Т-клетки, макрофаги M2 способствует росту опухоли. Блокада антителами цитотоксического белка 4, ассоциированного с Т-лимфоцитами и белка программируемой клеточной гибели-1 повышает противоопухолевый иммунитет. Адаптивная терапия с использованием Т-клеток, экспрессирующих химерные антигенные рецепторы, оказалась успешной при гематологических злокачественных новообразованиях.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ. Большинство антигенов опухолей обладают слабой иммуногенностью, но могут распознаваться цитотоксическими Т-лимфоцитами, натуральными киллерами, макрофагами. Опухолевые антигены супрессируют экспрессию молекул главного комплекса гистосовместимости, секретируют иммуносупрессивные факторы, активируют регуляторные Т-лимфоциты. Антитела, специфичные к антигенам опухолевых клеток, используют как для диагностики, так и для терапии. Иммунотерапия опухолей включает вакцинацию опухолевыми антигенами, введение цитокинов, блокировку передачи сигналов, необходимых для поддержания роста опухолевых клеток. Перспективными направлениями в иммунотерапии опухолей являются CAR-Т-клеточная терапия, повышение активности Т-лимфоцитов.</p></sec><sec><title>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ</title><p>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Развитие опухолеспецифичных реакций преимущественно индуцируют неоантигены, супрессирующие активность эффекторных клеток. Повышения активности лимфоцитов повышает противоопухолевой иммунитет. Успех блокады контрольных точек при многих солидных опухолях и инфузии CAR-T-клеток при гематологических злокачественных новообразованиях позволяет в будущем разработать более эффективную их иммунотерапию.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. Tumor-associated reactions, despite significant advances, remain understudied, which limits the use of immunotherapy.</p></sec><sec><title>OBJECTIVE</title><p>OBJECTIVE. To analyze the immunopathogenesis of tumor-associated reactions and the prospects for immunotherapy.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. There was a review of scientific medical literature documenting immune homeostasis during the development of tumor-associated immune responses and immunotherapy methods for patients with tumors. The study is based on an analysis of 78 scientific publications from 1996 to 2025 in international and domestic scientific literature databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, eLIBRARY, and Scopus. The literature search was conducted using keywords and various sequences of their combinations in Russian and English: antibodies; tumor antigens; immunotherapy; tumor-associated conditions; solid tumors; immunopathogenesis of tumors.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS. Neoantigens have been shown to facilitate evasion of immunological surveillance, with cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and interferon-γ being the most important immune defense factors. The number of CD45RO+ memory T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in tumors correlates with the likelihood of metastasis. Mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophages secrete factors that promote cell cycle progression and tumor cell survival. Th2 cells, regulatory T cells, and M2 macrophages promote tumor growth. Antibody blockade of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 and programmed cell death protein-1 enhances antitumor immunity. Adoptive therapy using T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors has proven successful in hematological malignancies.</p></sec><sec><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>DISCUSSION. Most tumor antigens have weak immunogenicity but can be recognized by cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages. Tumor antigens suppress the expression of major histocompatibility complex molecules, secrete immunosuppressive factors, and activate regulatory T cells. Antibodies specific to tumor cell antigens are used for both diagnostics and therapy. Tumor immunotherapy includes vaccination with tumor antigens, administration of cytokines, and blocking the signaling necessary to support tumor cell growth. Promising approaches to tumor immunotherapy include CAR T-cell therapy and enhancing T-cell activity.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>CONCLUSION. The development of tumor-specific responses is primarily induced by neoantigens that suppress the activity of effector cells. Increased lymphocyte activity enhances antitumor immunity. The success of checkpoint blockade in many solid tumors and CAR-T cell infusion in hematological malignancies allows to develop more effective immunotherapies in the future.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>морская медицина</kwd><kwd>антитела</kwd><kwd>гены</kwd><kwd>иммунная система</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>неоантигены</kwd><kwd>опухолеассоциированные состояния</kwd><kwd>опухолевые антигены</kwd><kwd>химерные антигенные рецепторы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>marine medicine</kwd><kwd>maritime medicine</kwd><kwd>antibodies</kwd><kwd>genes</kwd><kwd>immune system</kwd><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>neoantigens</kwd><kwd>tumor-associated conditions</kwd><kwd>tumor antigens</kwd><kwd>chimeric antigen receptors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ribatti D. 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