The possible contribution of drinking water with various mineral composition to the incidence of the population in the Euro-Arctic region (the cities of Apatity and Kirovsk in the Murmansk region) and in the middle zone of Russia (the city of Serpukhov) is estimated. It is established that the mineral composition of the artesian well from the open source of drinking water supply to the population of Apatity and Kirovsk is more soft (0.3 mg-eq/l, and 0.05 mg-eq/l), compared to Serpukhov, where the drinking water from the well is much stiffer (7.5 mg-eq/l). Differences in the levels of calcium, magnesium, sulfates, strontium, iron in the drinking water of Serpukhov and aluminum in Kirov have been revealed, but significant. Differences in the incidence of childhood (0–14 years) and adult (over 18 years) population, depending on the mineral composition of water used in these regions have not been identified. Comparison of the structure of the incidence of the population in the Euro-Arctic region with the middle stripe of Russia, revealed a higher incidence of children in high latitudes, in particular, the prevalence of eye diseases, infectious and parasitic diseases, diseases of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems. The adult population living in the Arctic region is dominated by: diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, eyes, genitourinary system, digestive organs, and infectious diseases.